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After Alexander the Great, the greed seleukidan dynasty of Persia held on to the trans-Indus region. After seleukos Nikator was defeated by Chanragupta Maurya in 303 B.C. the trans-Indus region was transferred to the Mauryas. In mid third century B.C. the seleukidan rule was ended by two peoples. In Iran the parthiar became independent and their sassanians in 226 A.D. In like manner the greeks of Bactria rose in revolt under the leadership of Diodotus. These Greeks were later known as Indo-Greeks when they gained a foot-hold in the Indian sub-continent. Bactria situated between the Hindu Kush and the oxus, was a fertile region and it controlled the trade routes from Gandhara to the West. The greek settlement in Bactria began in the 5th century B.C. when Persian emperors settled the Greek exiles in that area. Bactria figured in history with the revolt of diodotus against Antiochus the seleukidan king. This breakaway of Bactria was recnised by the seleukidans when the grandson of Diodotu...

In the post-Mauryan era (200 BC. To 300 A.D.) the economy moved at an accelerated tempo. Society witnessed structural reorientation as significant groups of foreigners penetrated into India and chose to be identified with the rest of the community. The occupation of craftsmen was an important segement of the day's socio-economic milieu. The craftsment were not only associated with the towns but also villages like Karimnagar in the Telengana region of Andhra Pradesh. The categories of craftsmen who were known in this period bear out the truth that there was considerable specialization in mining and metallurgy. A large number of iron artifacts have been discovered at various excavated sites relating to the Kushan and Satavahans Periods. It is surprising to notice that the Telengana region appears to have made special progress in iron artifacts - not only weapons but also balance rods, sickles, ploughshares, razors and ladels have been found in the Karimnagar and Nalgonda districts. A...

Indian History: The Splendour of the 'Dark Centuries' The five centuries which passed between the decline of the first great Indian empire of the Mauryas and the emergence of the great classical empire of the Guptas has often been described as a dark period in Indian history when foreign dynasties fought each other for short-lived and ephemeral supremacy over Northern India. Apart from Kanishka's Indo-Central Asian empire which could claim to be similar in size and importance to has china, the parthians of Persia and to the contemporary Roman empire this period did lack the glamour of large empires. But this 'dark period' particularly the first two centuries AD was a period of intensive economic and cultural contact among the various parts of the Eurasian continent. Indian played a very active role in stimulating these contacts. Buddhism which has been fostered by Indian rulers since the days of Ashoka was greatly aided by the international connections of the Indo-G...

Indian History: Asoka's Dhamma (Need of Dharma) Indian History: Indus And Vedic Civilisation Indian History: Foreign Relation of Asoka Indian History: Decline of The Mauryas 'Father and mother must be obeyed; similarly respect for living creatures must be enforced, truth must be spoken. These are the virtues of the law of Duty (or "Peity". Dhamma) which must be practisd. Similarly, the teacher must be reverenced by the pupil, and proper courtesy must be shown to relations. This is the ancient standard of duty (or "Piety") - leads to length of days and according to this men must act. The three obligations - of showing reverence, respecting animal life, and telling the truth - are inculcated over and over again in the edicts. Besides, it was meant for all - Buddhists, brahmins, Jains and Ajivikas, In the way, it was the sara or the essence of the good principles of all religions. Also, while pleading on behalf of his dhamma, Asoka passionately appealed for to...

Indian History: Indus And Vedic Civilisation Indian History: Foreign Relation of Asoka Indian History: Decline of The Mauryas 1. There was considered intellectual ferment around 600 B.C. healthy rivalry was apparent among the number of sects such as the Charvaks, Jains and Ajivikas, whose doctrines ranged from bare materialism to determinism. This intellectual liveliness was reflected in the elected interests of the Mauryan rulers. It was claimed by the Jainas that Chandragupta was supporter and there is evidence that Bindusara favoured the Ajivikas. Thus, the Empire of Asoka was inhabited by peoples of many cultures who were at many levels of development. The range of customs, beliefs, affinities, antagonisms, tensions and harmonies were galore. True, Magadha and the fringes of these areas. The north was in close contact with the Hellenized culture of Afganisthan and Iran. The far south was on the threshold of a creative efflorescence of Tamil culture. The ruler of such as Empire req...

Indian History: Indus And Vedic Civilisation Indian History: Foreign Relation of Asoka The decline of the Maurya Dynasty was rather rapid after the death of Ashoka/Asoka. One obvious reason for it was the succession of weak kings. Another immediate cause was the partition of the Empire into two. Had not the partition taken place, the Greek invasions could have been held back giving a chance to the Mauryas to re-establish some degree of their previous power. Regarding the decline much has been written. Haraprasad Sastri contends that the revolt by Pushyamitra was the result of brahminical reaction against the pro-Buddhist policies of Ashoka and pro-Jaina policies of his successors. Basing themselves on this thesis, some maintain the view that brahminical reaction was responsible for the decline because of the following reasons. (a) Prohibitino of the slaughter of animals displeased the Brahmins as animal sacrifices were esteemed by them. (b) The book Divyavadana refers to the persecutio...

Indian History: Indus And Vedic Civilisation-Study Notes Indian History: Foreign Relation of Asoka Diplomacy and geographical proximity primarily determined the foreign relations maintained by Asoka. Particularly, the century in which, Asoka lived was one of continued interactions between the Eastern Mediterranean and South Asia. That is why most of Asoka's contacts were with South Asia and the West. It appears that this interest was not one sided. A fair number of foreigners lived in Pataliputra to necessitate a special committee under the municipal management to look after the needs of welfare of the visitors. Apart from these major factors determining the foreign relations of Asoka, one more parameter was the desire of Asoka to spread his policy of dhamma to distant lands. To begin with, Asoka in his foreign relations was a realist defeat and annexation of Kalinga. Also his realism is to be seen in Asoka not annexing the southern kingdoms (Cholas, Pandvas, Satyaputras and Kerala...

There is muc to be contrasted between the cultures of the Harappans and the Aryans. There are indeed a few points of similarities, but they are not of any significance. Why the points of contrast are more is primarily because of geographic location, economic activity and the religious practices followed by both the cultures. Far more important is the fact that the Aryans, with a plasticity of mind, made life vibrant; whereas, the Indus life looks more like stylized puppet show. The plasticity of the Aryan mind was shown in the language as well as the way in which they adapted agricultural and settled life. The seals of the Indus Valley show that the pictographs remained statis, whereas, the Aryan language in the Rig Veda at places rises to musical levels. The success with which the Aryan writings were composed reveals the ability of the Aryan mind to grasp the mulitiple dimensions of human life. And language which exhibits immense potentialities in its vocabulary reveals that the commu...

Guess Paper 2010 Physics CBSE Guess Paper 2010 Physics Class - XII Q1. What is the force experienced by a positively charges particle Q moving at right angles to a uniform electric field E. Q2. Name the electromagnetic radiations to which the following wavelengths belongs (a)10-2m (b) 1A0 Q3. A glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth. Explain what will happen to their mass and charge? Why does this change occur? Q4. Name the phenomenon responsible for the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Q5. What is the angle b/w Electric field and Dipole moment at an axial point? Q6. Name two types of commercially available resistors. Q7. Name the S.I. Unit of (i) magnetic flux (ii) Magnetic-induction. Q8. 2 charges are placed R mts apart in air. The repulsive force b/w them is found to be F. Find the force when the same charges are placed in water at a distance of 2R. (Єr = 80 ). Will this force be attractive or repulsive? Q9. Derive the value of electric field at the axial and equa...

Class IX, NCERT (CBSE) Hindi, Kritika Bhag - 1 Chapter 4, Text Book Exercise Solution पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास   प्रश्न १: 'शहरवासी सिर्फ माटी वाली को नहीं, उसके कंटर को भी अच्छी तरह पहचानते हैं |' आपकी समझ से वे कौन से कारण रहे होंगे जिनके रहते 'माटी वाली' को सब पहचानते थे?    उत्तर: शहरवासी माटी वाली तथा उसके कनस्तर को इसलिए जानते होंगे क्योंकि पूरे टिहरी शहर में केवल वही अकेली माटी वाली

Class 9 Solutions of NCERT (CBSE) Hindi Text Book Chapter 2, Kshitij Bhag  1 ल्हासा की ओर  पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास प्रश्न १: थोंगला के पहले के आख़िरी गाँव पहुँचने पर भिखमंगे के वेश में होने के वावजूद लेखक को ठहरने के लिए उचित स्थान मिला जबकि दूसरी यात्रा के समय भद्र वेश भी उन्हें उचित स्थान नहीं दिला सका। क्यों? उत्तर: इसका मुख्य कारण था - संबंधों का महत्व। तिब्बत में इस मार्ग पर

Class IX, NCERT (CBSE) Hindi - Kshitij Bhag 1 Textbook Exercise Solution (Important Questions Only) पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास प्रश्न १: कांजीहौस में क़ैद पशुओं की हाजिरी क्यों ली जाती होगी? उत्तर: कांजीहौस एक प्रकार से पशुओं की जेल थी। उसमें ऐसे आवारा पशु क़ैद होते थे जो दूसरों के खेतों में घुसकर फसलें नष्ट करते थे। अतः कांजीहौस के मालिक का यह दायित्व होता था की वह उन्हें जेल में