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Science for Tenth Class


Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical equations and their balancing, Types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation and reduction, corrosion, rancidity.

Acids, Bases and Salts
Chemical properties of acids and based, H+ and OH- ions, Neutralisation reactions, pH, salts like common salt, sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, washing soda, plaster of Paris.

Metals and Non-metals
Metals-physical and chemical properties, the reactivity series, Non-metals-physical and chemical properties, Ionic compounds, occurrence and extraction of metals, corrosion.

Carbon and its Compounds
Bonding in Carbon-The Covalent bond Allotropes of Carbon, Versatile nature of carbon Saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds-chains, branches and rings, Homologous series, Nomenclature and Chemical properties of Carbon compounds, Important carbon Compounds (ethanol, ethanoic acid) and their properties Soaps and detergents.

Periodic Classification of Elements
Early attempts at the classification of elements, Mendeleev’s periodic table, The modern periodic table, Variation in properties across a period and along a group.

Life Processes
Life processes, nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion

Control and Coordination
Topic movements in plants, introduction to plant hormones, control and coordination in animals, voluntary, involuntary and reflex action, nervous system, chemical coordination, animal hormones.

How do Organisms Reproduce?
Do organisms create exact copies of themselves-the importance of variation, modes of reproduction used by single organisms-fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, vegetative propagation, spore formation, sexual reproduction-Why the sexual mode of reproduction, sexual reproduction in flowering plants, reproduction inhuman beings, male reproductive system female reproductive system, what happens when the egg is not fertilized?, reproductive health.

Heredity and Evolution
Accumulation of variation during reproduction, heredity-inherited traits, rules for the inheritance of Traits-Mendel’s contributions, how do these traits get expressed, sex determination, Evolution acquired and inherited Traits, speciation, evolution and classification, tracing evolutionary relationships, fossils, evolution by stages, evolution should not be equated with progress-human evolution.

Light – Reflection and Refraction
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors- Image formation by spherical mirrors using ray diagrams, uses of concave mirrors, sing convention for reflection by spherical mirrors, mirror formula and magnification, refraction of light, refraction through a rectangular glass slab, the refractive index, refraction by spherical lenses, image formation by lenses, image formation in lenses using ray diagrams, sing convention for spherical lenses, lens formula and magnification, power of a lens

Human Eye and Colourful World
The Human Eye, power of accommodation, defects of vision and their correction-myopia, hypermetropia, Presbyopia refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of white light by a glass prism, Atmospheric refraction-twinking of stars, advance sunrise and delayed sunset, scattering of light, Tyndall effect, why is the colour of a the clear sky blue, colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Electricity
Electric current and circuit, Electric potential and potential difference, circuit diagram, Ohm’s law, Factors on which the resistance of conductor depends, Resistance of a systemm of Resistors-resistors in series, resistors in parallel, heating effect of electric current-practical applications of heating effect of electric current, Electric power.

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic field and field lines, magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor, magnetic field due to a current through a straight conductor, right hand thumb rule, magnetic field due to a current through a circular loop, magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid, force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field, electric motor, electromagnetic induction, electric generator, domestic electric circuits.

Sources of Energy
What is a good source of energy? Conventional sources of energy-fossil fuels, thermal-power plants, hydro-power plants, improvements in the technology for using conventional sources of energy-bio-mass, wind energy. Alternative or non-conventional sources of energy-solar energy, energy from the sea-tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, environmental consequences, how long will energy source last us?

Our Environment
What happens when we add our waste to the environment. Ecosystem: What are its components? Food chain and webs. How do our activities affect the environment? Ozone layer and how it is getting depleted, managing the garbage we produce.

Management of Natural Resources
Why do we need to manage our resources? Forests and wild life stakeholders, sustainable management, water for all-dams, water harvesting, coal and petroleum, an overview of natural resource management.

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